civics summary

Form 1

1.1.0 Our nation

1.1.1 Components of our nation

Civics - Is the subject which deals with the study of duties, rights and responsibilities of citizens in a country

Nation - A large group or community of people living together in a defined geographical area

Nationalism - Is the political will of a nation to unite and fight against foreign rule with the intention of ruling themselves

National Language - Is the language which has been chosen and accepted to be used in national matters

Language - Is a learned, shared and arbitrary system of vocal or written symbols through which human beings communicate with one another

Components of a nation - Government, people, territory

Symbols of national sovereignty - National flag, coat of arms, currency, constitution

Factors affecting national sovereignty - Pressure groups, conflicts, civil wars, poverty

Importance of the National Flag to Tanzania - Symbol of the nation, shows national independence and sovereignty, a seal of the president and government, state symbol for the president/country/citizens, symbol of unity and freedom , symbol of nationality and Tanzanian culture, used during unfortunate events like the death of a state leader

Factors promoting national integrity in Tanzania - Secularism, Kiswahili, Arusha declaration, monopartyism

Benefits of being identified as a citizen of a country - Helps people in the provision of social services, legal way of being recognized as a real citizen, given rights under the law, you are able to be employed in the country, nation can defend you from violence or war

Promotion of national unity is enhanced by - Sports/games, traditions, customs, national language, intermarriage

The union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar was influenced by their desires for security

1.1.2 The national symbols

National Symbols - These are things which identify the country as independent and sovereign

Examples of national symbols - National flag, coat of arms, national currency, national constitution, national anthem

Tanzanian flag colours represent - Black - skin, yellow - minerals, blue - water, green - vegetation

The seal of the government is the coat of arms

Coat of arms and national emblem are the same

1.2.0 Promotion of life skills

1.2.1 Meaning and types

Life Skills - Is the mental knowledge and ability applied by an individual to control themselves and their environment in a beneficial way

List of life skills - Self esteem, assertiveness, problem solving, self awareness, thinking, meditation, arguing well, decision making, planning, determination, good relationships

Sources of life skills - Parents, government, religion, school

Communication - Is the process which involves the transferring of information from one person to another

Creative Thinking - The ability to find new ways to solve problems

Decision Making - The ability to select a course of action among possible alternatives

Self-confidence - Having confidence in ones own capability to succeed in their actions

Skimming for Reading - The process of reading quickly to get the main point of the paragraph or article

Team - Comprises of a group of people linked in a common purpose

Teamwork - The situation whereby people work well together while doing a particular activity

Group - A number of people having some relation to one another

Six classes of drugs - Opiates, sedative-hypnotics, stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabis, inhalants

Problems of drug use - addiction/dependence, acute health problems, dropping out of school, reduces country’s workforce, family conflict, suicide, crime/illegal business, irresponsible sexual behavior

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) - A syndrome that develops after a person has been infected with the HIV virus caused by the virus attacking and weakening the human immune system which has no known cure

Symptoms of HIV - Frequent diarrhea, high fever, vomiting, skin diseases, body weakness4

HIV can be prevented through the following ways - Being faithful, practicing safe sex, using a condom correctly every time, using sterilized needles, using clean blood for blood transfusions

1.3.0 Human rights

1.3.1 Aspects of human rights

Human Rights - Are basic moral rights that all human beings are born with, they are not granted or given or removed by anybody

Examples of human rights - Right to life, right to own property, right to vote and be voted for, freedom of expression and association, freedom of worship, right to education, right to social services, freedom of movement

Abuse of Power - Violation of the law or constitution of the country

Amnesty International - UN’s agency for human rights

Freedoms - Of association, of assembly, of expression

Basic needs of any human - Food, shelter, clothes

Moral Rights - Are rights which are not included officially in the law of the country and one can not claim them in the court of law

Moral, social, and cultural rights - Are rights which are not included officially in the law of the country and one cannot claim them in a court of law

Pan Africanism - Brought human rights/freedoms/equality/democracy to Africa

Importance of Human rights - Helps to bring equality, avoid discrimination and oppression, helps in the provision of social services, helps in the provision of employment, improves standard of living in the country, brings more freedom to the citizens

Steps taken by the government of Tanzania in promoting human rights in the country - Establishment of NGOs, establishment of a human rights commission, mass education on the importance of promoting and preserving human rights, punishing those who violate human rights, promoting and maintaining defense and security

Example of economic rights - To own property

Tanzanian institutions responsible for promoting or protecting human rights - TAMWA, TAWLA, TGNP, Haki Elimu, Judiciary, Tanzania Society of the Lawyers, TUCTA

Reproductive right is a legal right, whereas the right to life is a constitutional right

1.3.2 Limitations of individual human rights

Arson - Unlawful setting of fire of structures or buildings

Bail - The release by the police or court of a person held in legal custody while awaiting trial or appealing against criminal conviction

Defendant - A person against whom court proceedings are brought

Laws - Are formulations of rule of behavior enforced by a special authority

Plaintiff - A person applying for relief against another person in an action suit, petition

Prosecutor - A person who brings a case to court

Rape - Unlawful sexual act by a man without a woman’s consent

Rule of Law - Laws should be enforced equally, fairly and consistently to all

Causes of crime in Tanzania - Poverty, lack of education, growing population, ineffective police protection, little chance of being caught or punished

Why there are higher crime rates in cities - Overpopulation, higher unemployment, poverty, weakening of moral values

Ways to reduce crime in the country - Create employment opportunities, improve & strengthen police protection, provision of effective punishments to criminals, provision of proper education

The punishment for manslaughter is life imprisonment

1.3.3 Human rights abuse

Human Rights Abuse - Are all actions which when practiced by people or governments which violate human rights (ex. beating women, raping, killing old people, forced marriage)

1.4.0 Responsible citizenship

1.4.1 Concept of citizenship

Citizen - A person who is accepted and belongs to the a particular country

Citizenship - A condition or state of being a citizen of a particular country

1.4.2 Citizenship responsibilities5

Responsibilities of a good citizen - Duty to respect other peoples rights, duty to watch & give opinions on government process/activities, voting, paying taxes, working, participating in community activities

Ways of acquiring citizenship in Tanzania - Birth, by descent, by registration

1.4.3 Responsibilities to special groups including HIV/AIDS victims

Responsibilities to HIV/AIDS victims - Not to isolate them (stigmatization), advise them to attend treatment at medical centers, to advise them to attend counseling and guidance, to provide them with a balanced diet

1.5.0 Work

1.5.1 The concept of work

Work - Man’s purposeful activity in the production of goods or services or the use of physical strength and mental skills in the making of things or providing services. (ex. farming, fishing, carpentry, trading, teaching, nursing, brick making, livestock keeping, etc)

Types of work - Physical work (ex. brick making), mental work (ex. teaching)

1.5.2 Importance of work

Importance of work - Source of income, provides humans with basic needs like food/shelter/clothes, prevention of crime, advancement in science and technology, source of foreign exchange

1.6.0 Family life

1.6.1 Courtship and marriage

Adolescent - A transitional stage of physical and mental human development between puberty and adulthood

Courtship - Before marriage a man and a woman pass through this period

Marriage - Legally bonded relationship between a man and a woman as husband and wife

Three types of marriage - Traditional, religious, and civil marriage

To establish a civil marriage - Approval by district commissioner (DC)

To establish a traditional marriage - Use of traditional laws

To establish a religious marriage - Use religious customs

Adoption - A situation where parents keep children lawfully who are not their offspring

Family Planning - Is the planning of when to have children and how many children to have

Polyandry - Two or more husbands at the same time

Monogamy - A marriage involving only one husband or wife

Polygamy - A marriage involving two or more wives or husbands

1.6.2 The concept of family

Nuclear family - Father, mother (wives), children

Importance of family - Teaches us good morals & code of conduct, gives us identity, teaches us patriotism, we learn love and care for one another, it is a source of basic education, it gives us knowledge about state, government and ideologies

1.6.3 Rights and responsibilities of family members

Responsibilities of a father - To make decisions as the head of family, organize family activities, providing security for the family, to teach children customs and traditions, to maintain family discipline and peace, provide requirements to family members (food/clothes/shelter)

Responsibilities of a mother - Organizes family activities, giving birth and providing parental care, taking care of husband and children, assist the father in running the family, a bridge of love between parents and children

Responsibilities of children - To assist with domestic work, a bond of love and joy in a family, assisting in taking care of younger brothers and sisters

1.7.0 Proper behaviour and responsible decision making

1.7.1 Meaning and types of behaviour

Behaviour - The way one acts towards other people

Types of behaviour - Proper, improper6

1.7.2 Elements of proper behaviour

Elements of proper behaviour - Love, peace, respect, responsibility, cooperation

Elements of improper behaviour - Aggression, segregation, violence, arrogance, excessive drunkenness, irresponsibility, use of abusive language, killing, stealing, raping, corruption

1.7.3 Responsible decision making

Responsible Decision Making - A process whereby every member of a society feels responsible to participate in planning, formulation of policies and implementation for development

1.8.0 Road safety education

1.8.1 Importance of road/traffic signs

Road - A prepared surface on which vehicles and pedestrians move from one place to another

Road Safety - A state of being safe from dangers when using a road

Road Traffic Signs - The symbols or marks used to instruct drivers what to do

Importance of road traffic signs - Guide drivers where to go, warn drivers about corners, construction zones, people, minimize road accidents caused by speed, regulate traffic flow/speed, ensures safe driving and proper road usage

Examples of road traffic signs - Zebra cross, slow down, stop, give way, no turn, no parking

1.8.2 Causes of road accidents

Causes of road accidents - Excessive driving speed, drunkenness, not using a seatbelt, improper use of traffic lights, driving by unqualified drivers, poor road quality, talking on a mobile phone while driving

1.8.3 Prevention of road accidents

Prevention of road accidents - Proper use of road traffic signs, being strict about driving speed, road maintenance, law enforcement, education about road traffic signs

Form 2

2.1.0 Promotion of life skills

2.1.1 Social problem solving techniques

Steps of problem solving and decision making:

1. Identify the problem

2. Problem Analysis and clarification

3. Reviewing alternative solutions

4. Choosing a solution

5. Implementing a solution

6. Evaluation

The purpose of problem solving is to get the best possible solution

2.2.0 Government of Tanzania

2.2.1 Government

Government - Is a group of people within a community or nation who have the power and authority of performing administrative functions like planning, making decisions or implementing policies

Responsibilities of the President - Head of State, Head of Government Affairs, Commander in Chief of Armed Forces, Head of Public Service

Sovereignty - Freedom from foreign influence and domination

External sources of government revenue - Non-payable: Grants from donor countries

Payable: IMF loan, loans from central government/Word Bank, Domestic loans

Importance of taxes in Tanzania - Chief source of government income, used to pay various government employees, helps government to make good decisions, facility wealth redistribution, helps to estimate economic state of the country

List of ministries under the Union Government of Tanzania - Security and Defense, Home Affairs, Finance, Science Technology and Higher Education

Aristocracy/Oligarchy - A type of dictatorship where a few persons form and control the government

Dictatorship - A type of government where a single person or small group of people control all aspects of the country7

Unicameral - A type of government with one house of parliament

Public Transport - Shared passenger transportation service which is available for use by the general public

Morocco is a constitutional monarchy

2.2.2 Constitution

Constitution - A body of rules and principles by which a country is governed

According to the constitution the parliament consists of the president and national assembly

One of the features of a typical constitution is that it spells out the composition and functions of the government

One of the advantages of an unwritten constitution is that it is flexible

2.2.3 Local government

Structure of local government in Tanzania -

Village government - Village assembly, village council, committees (finance and economic planning, defense and security, social services and self reliance, VEO

Ward government - Ward development committee, departments of agriculture/education/finance/health/livestock/social welfare, WEO

District local government - District council, district executive officer (DED), district committees, departments, councilors

Urban - Town council, municipal council, city council

Mandatory functions of local governments in Tanzania - Provision of social services, maintenance of law and order, promotion of social and economic welfare and the wellbeing of people, collecting and proper utilization of taxes, making of bylaws, coordination of projects and plans, facilitate representative democracy

Local Governments are important institutions for facilitating participatory democracy

The proper officer in charge of District council is the District Executive Director

The regional commissioner is appointed by the head of state and government

2.2.4 Central government

Taxes - Taxes are fees/levies imposed by the government upon its people as a source of government revenue or income

Direct Tax - Is paid by people employed by the government or private sector (income tax)

Indirect Tax - Comes from import and export duties, fees, fines

VAT (Value Added Tax) - Source of government revenues

Major sources of national income in Tanzania - Taxes, rents, fees, tariffs, customs, borrowing, aid, sale of government assets, government activities (ex mining, fishing, industry, oil, agriculture)

Bill - A proposal for a new law

Judiciary - The organ of the government which interprets the law of the country

The parliament should limit and control the powers and actions of the executive government branch

The Parliament of Tanzania is unicameral

The parliament is called legislature because it enacts laws

The three branches of government are - Legislative, judicial, executive

One of the functions of judiciary is to interpret laws

2.2.5 Tanganyika/Zanzibar union

What a United Republic means in Tanzania - It refers to the union between Zanzibar and Tanganyika under Julius Nyerere of Tanganyika and Abeid Amani Karume of Zanzibar in 1964

The union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar was influenced by their desires for security

2.2.6 Union affairs in the central government

According to the constitution of Tanzania the union matters are - Statistics, higher education, research, defense, currency, constitution and governance, foreign affairs, police, declaration of state emergency, citizenship, migration, international trade and loans, income tax, court of appeals, registration of polities, NECTA

Non union matters - Local government affairs, road maintenance and travel, agriculture/livestock/fishing, trade and small scale industries, prisons

2.3.0 Democracy

2.3.1 Types of democracy

Democracy - A type of government where the people in power were chosen by the population through elections8

Representative democracy - Involves few people who are elected to represent others in decision making discussions, they rule on behalf of others

Parliamentary Democracy - Is a form of governance in which people, through their votes, elect members of the parliament

Participatory Democracy - Is where people directly engage in decision making discussions

Importance of democratic leadership - Promotes freedom of speech/religion/opinion, promotes accountability and transparency, promotes good governance, promotes rule of law, brings equality and justice, guarantee basic human rights, leads to development

Role of the press in enhancing democracy - Allows opposition to have a voice, spreads information, bringing awareness to the people, advise the government, provide information to the people about the actions of the government

Differentiate democratic government from non-democratic government - Democratic Government	Non-democratic Government
• Leaders enter in power through free and fair elections • Freedom of opinion/worship/ speech/association • Existence of rule of law • Guarantee of basic human rights • The leader is a servant of the people • Transparency and accountability • No one is above the law	• No free and fair elections • No freedom of opinion/worship/ speech/association • Rule of law is not respected • No guarantee of basic human rights • The leader is not a servant of the people • No transparency or accountability • Leaders are above the law