Form 1
1.1.0 Sources and importance of
history
1.1.1 Meaning and
importance
History - A branch of study that deals with the events and
technological development of human beings
throughout time, or the record of human activities
1.1.2 Sources of
history
Sources of history - Oral tradition, archaeology, archives,
museums, written records
1.2.0 Evolution of man, technology
and environment
1.2.1 Evolution of
man
Order of Ages
Early Stone Age - Began around 2.6 million years ago
- Homo Habilis and Zinjanthropus appear
- Wood and bone tools are used (crude tools)
- Lived a nomadic life as hunter/gatherers
Middle Stone Age -
Ended around 50,000 BC
- Discovery of fire
- Development of sharper, smaller, portable tools
- Emergence of social and ethnic groups
Late Stone Age -
Began around 50,000 BC to 3,300 BC
- Neolithic Revolution occurs
- Beginning of farming and domestication of animals
- Beginning of permanent settlement
Bronze Age - 3,300 BC
until 1,200 BC
- Military technology develops, Empires begin
Iron Age - 1,200
BC until 400 AD
- Trade and Empires come to dominate human activities
Stages of human
evolution
1. Australopithecus Africus – Zinjanthropus - Early
ancestors of man
2. Homo Habilis - The tool maker
3. Homo Erectus - Standing upright
4. Homo Sapiens - Modern man (Homo Sapiens Sapiens)
Changes in humanity’s way of life during the late stone age
(Neolithic) in Africa - Man used tools with
better efficiency, tools were sharper/lighter/smaller,
increased production because of better/efficient
tools, man started to live in an area permanently instead of
living nomadically, cultivation of food began,
family life was more stable with the formation of villages,
began era of division of labor by
class/gender/age/wealth, population growth, fishing began,
skilled craftsmen/traders emerge
Dryopithecus/Procensul did not become hominids; they
developed into apes like gibbons
Venyopithecus and Ramapithecus became hominids
Man started to be a skillful toolmaker at the stage of Homo
Habilis
By 1000AD iron technology began to appear widely in East
Africa
Iron technology revolutionized agriculture
With fire and iron tools, man was able to clear large
forests for farming
Some of the tools made from iron were spears, hoes and axes
Nok, Axum and Meroe were famous areas for iron smeltingIron
tools contributed to economic specialization
Iron tools increased military operations and expansions of
states up through the 19thcentury
The growth and expansion of the Songhai Empire was a result
of the development of iron technology
Early Stone Age sites in East Africa are located at Rusinga
island, Olorgesailie, and Olduvai Gorge
1.3.0 Development of economic
activities and their impact
1.3.1 Agriculture
Agriculture - The action by humans of keeping animals as
well as the cultivation of crops4
Effects of agriculture on humanity - Permanent settlement,
population grew, specialization of activities,
trade and physical activities
1.3.2 Handicrafts, industries
and mining in pre-colonial Africa
Important types of industries in pre-colonial times - Basket
making, pottery, iron smelting, tool making,
mining
1.3.3 Trade in
pre-colonial Africa
Types of trade -
Local, long distance
Local Trade - Trade which involves people within the same
general location or within the same ethnic
group
Long Distance Trade - Trade between people from different
locations or different ethnic groups (ex.
trans-Saharan trade)
Trade items involved in the Trans-Saharan trade - Animal
skins, gold, kola nuts, beeswax, ivory, salt
Reasons for the development of the Trans-Saharan trade -
Availability of trade items, use of camels as
transport, political stability, fertile soil in North and
West Africa, leadership (Sundiata/Mansa Musa),
conquest by Arabs, emergence of kingdoms, Islam, trust
between Berbers and westerners
Effects of the Trans-Saharan trade - Introduction of new
goods (silk, camels, beads), development of
towns (Timbuktu/Jenne), spreading of Islam, development of
education, states grew (Mali, Ghana,
Songhai), Western Sudan lost a lot of wealth, stimulated the
development of agriculture, spread of
technical skills, intermarriages
Why the Trans-Saharan trade collapsed - Suspicion and
mistrust among Arabs/Berbers/Africans, war in
North Africa, colonialism, the triangular trade (Trans
Atlantic trade), industrial revolution in Europe
Commodities from East Africa - Ivory, gold, copper, leopard
skins, tortoise shells, rhinoceros horns, slaves
Tribes involved with the Long Distance Trade (LDT) in East
Africa-
- Kamba, Baganda, Kikuyu, Banyoro traded along northern
routes
- Arabs/Swahili along the Eastern Coast
- Nyamwezi in the central route
- Yao along the southern route
1.4.0 Development of social and
political systems
1.4.1 Kinship or clan
organization
Kinship (Clan) - Refers to a group of families in a tribe
that share common ancestors
Clan Heads - The leader of a clan
Roles of clan heads - Controlled major means of production,
provided guidance to members of the clan,
arranging marriages, presiding over religious ceremonies,
settle disputes, protect ethics/norms/rituals
Matrilineal Society - A society which is governed by women
Matrilineal Societies in East Africa - Kamba, Kikuyu,
Makonde, Mwera
Patrilineal Society - A society which is governed by men
1.4.2 Age-set system
Age-Set System - A kind of socio-political organization
which is based on age and sex. It was
the dominant
form to organization in pastoral societies (ex. Maasai,
Nyakusa, Khoikhoi)
Example of Age-Set system - The Maasai
Children (1-8, Layoin) - Not directly involved in production
Youth (8-18) - Responsible for grazing animals and milking
cattle, assisted by women
Moran (18-35) - Responsible for defending the society
Laibon (35+) - Elders in society who settle disputes and
make important decisions (war, marriage)
1.4.3 Ntemiship
Ntemiship - A type of state which is characterized by being
made up of separated groups. The word is
derived from kutema, which means to split apart. The most well known tribe which used this
system
were the Nyamwezi
Mtemi - The name given to the leader who organized the
activities which opened up new land and who
controlled the people (ex. usukuma, unyamwezi, ukimbu,
ugogo)
1.4.4 State
organization
Factors for the rise
of the ancient Egyptian states - The development of agriculture and
pastoralism,
specialization of labour, development of productive forces,
war and conquest, growth of industry, growth of town
The role played by
Islam in the formation or transformation of states in pre-colonial West Africa
-
Brought villages and cities together, villagers left
indigenous religions for Islam, writing was introduced,
birth of democratic Islamic rule instead of autocratic Hausa
states, led to formation of Mandinka/Sokoto
caliphate states, led to formation of African nationalism in
West Africa
Explain the factors
for the rise and decline of the Bunyoro – Kitara Kingdom. - Rise: Good
leadership,
good climatic conditions, agricultural production which facilitated
trade, conquering other states,
Decline: Conquered by other states, disunity among factions,
weak army, poor leadership
Centralized western Sudanic states were mostly expanded by
conquest
The Kangaba developed into the Mali Empire
Form 2
2.1.0 Interactions among the people
of Africa
2.1.1 Social and
economic factors for interactions
Social and economic factors for interactions - Migration,
religion, war, music, medicine, marriage
Economic factors of migration - African communities
interacted due to economic factors like crafts, trade,
farming and pastoralism
2.1.2 The coming of
the Ngoni
Analyze the circumstances that brought about the Ngoni
migration (1800s) and its effects -
Causes - Began in the 19thcentury when Shaka Zulu began
conquering neighbouring states to establish the Zulu Empire (Ngoni fled north)
Effects - Long Distance Trade was disrupted and became
disorganized (ex. Yao + Nyamwezi), Ngoni
brought war to peaceful areas, introduction of new culture
and ways of keeping law & order,
introduced new military techniques ex. Assegai spears/cattle
horn formation, people were left
homeless, land was confiscated by the Ngoni, Hehe unified
with the help of Ngoni military tactics
2.2.0 Social-economic development and
production in precolonial Africa
2.2.1 Social
organization and production
Identify the main characteristics of pre-colonial education
- Main purpose was to transmit knowledge of
the society to individuals such as agricultural techniques
or production of crafts/tools, education was an
ongoing activity taking into account stages of an
individual’s status or age in the society, the society was
responsible for education rather than schools, education was
informal
Many African societies had education systems which
transferred knowledge from elders to the next
generation by the 16thcentury
2.2.2 Types of social
organizations and production
Social Organization - Refers to the system how an individual
within a group relate with each other in order to exist harmoniously
Production - The process by which people create goods to
satisfy their needs and to accumulate a surplus for times of need or for
sale. Production can involve
manufacturing, mining, crop cultivation or animal keeping
2.2.2.1 Communalism
Communalism - A system whereby people live together and
practice common ownership of property.
It is believed to have originated during the early stages of human
evolution
Characteristics of communalism - People living by hunting
and gathering, people lived in small groups,
there was no exploitation of man by man (no classes
existed), work was done communally
2.2.2.2 Slavery
Slavery - An economic system which involves the ownership
and use of slaves for economic production.
Slaves were considered property during pre-colonial Africa
and were bought or sold or given as a gift
and forced to work without any rewards
How people became
slaves - Born into bondage (their parents were slaves), interaction between
communities (ex war, kidnapping), criminals taken as slaves,
disadvantaged individuals (landless
people)
The slave trade
rapidly expanded in East Africa in the 19thcentury because of - Portuguese
slave trade
from Mozambique to Brazil, Dutch and French trade dominance
in Mauritius and Reunion Islands,
introduction of cloves in Zanzibar, local rulers involvement
in slave and ivory trade, power shifted from
the interior to the coast allowing slaves to be sent to Asia
and the Middle East
2.2.2.3 Feudalism
Feudalism - The system of production where wealthy
landowners rented land to landless people in
exchange for a fee in the form of services or goods
Examples of feudalism - Nupe, Ankole, Buganda, Karagwe
Characteristics of feudalism - Land was owned by a few rich
people, majority were landless (serfs or
peasants), there were two distinct classes (those with land,
those without land)
Most centralized states in Africa were based on feudalism
2.3.0 Africa and the external world
2.3.1 Early contact
with the Middle East and Far East
One of the negative impacts of Africa’s contact with the
Middle East was the growth of the slave trade
2.3.2 Contacts with
Europe
2.3.2.1 The
Portuguese
How the Portuguese disrupted the development of trade in the
Indian Ocean up to the 17thcentury -
Portuguese captured and controlled trade in the Indian
Ocean, by waging war with Arab traders to
monopolize trade, changing trade routes from the Indian
Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean, introduction or
imposition of trading licenses and permits, heavy taxes and
duties on traders
Impacts of the Portuguese intrusion in East Africa in the
16thcentury - Directed East African trade to
the south and to the Atlantic Ocean, decay of Indian Ocean
trade, prosperity of Arab states greatly declined in East Africa and were
destroyed by the Portuguese, Portuguese introduced Christianity, introduced new
crops like maize/cassava/pineapples/groundnuts
Reasons for short lived presence of the Portuguese in East
Africa - Tropical diseases, socialcultural/religious differences, climatic
conditions, loss of trade, harsh treatment of the indigenous,
revolts by city states
Reasons why the Portuguese colonies
in Africa engaged in armed struggles for liberation -
Portuguese saw these countries as Portuguese provinces
overseas, political parties were banned,
Portugal was the poorest country in Europe and depended on
their colonies, Portugal was a fascist
state run by a dictator, Portugal felt it had a “civilizing
mission” in Africa, Portuguese settlers did not
want to leave, Portugal underestimated the power of
nationalists
Reasons for Portuguese interest in the East African Coast -
Coast was a restocking point for ships
heading east, to control/share trade by Persians/Arabs, to
control trade from India, to levy taxes from
coastal merchants, East Africa is strategically important
for controlling marine trade in the Indian Ocean
2.3.2.2 The Dutch settlement at the
Cape
Causes of the Boer’s Great Trek - Introduction of the
English language to South Africa, land alienation of
the Boers, presence of missionaries on the Cape, British
control of the Cape
Effects of the Mfecane War - War by Shaka Zulu which took
land from other tribes in South Africa, caused the Ngoni migration
2.3.2.3 Slave trade in the Indian
Ocean and the Trans-Atlantic slave trade
Slavery in East Africa was introduced by Arabs and Asians as
early as 2 AD
Causes of the slave trade in the Indian Ocean - Arabs
introduced clove plantations, high demand for
slave labour on sugar plantations in Mauritius and Reunion,
slaves were needed as porters
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (Triangular Trade) - The trade
which occurred between West Africa, America
and Europe
2.4.0 Industrial capitalism
2.4.1 Demands of
industrial capitalism
Capitalism - An economic system whereby the major means of
production are privately owned. The two
groups of people in this system are employers and workers7
Factors affecting
industrial capitalists in Europe - Coal and iron were available in large
quantities in
Europe, agrarian revolution, advancement of science and
technology, trade, banking and insurance
services encouraged industries to develop Capitalism
developed through three states 1. Mercantilism 2. Industrial capitalism 3.
Monopoly capitalism
2.4.2 Agents of industrial capitalism
Reasons why missionaries became the forerunners of
colonialism - Were deliberately sent by countries
as agents of colonialism, worked as translators for
treaties, softened views of locals to allow for
incoming colonialists, converted Africans to a new faith
which gave the colonial powers control of their
religion, preaching of obedience reduced resistance, Church
Missionary Society grew cotton in Uganda,
exploration of the interior, drew maps
Roles of companies and associations in colonialism -
Companies usually signed treaties, they enforced
administrative laws, exploited the African continent and
sent back information about the availability of
resources, some companies enforced administrative law, traded
with Africans and got raw materials for
European industries, built roads/waterways/cities, marked
boundaries for the interior of Africa,
encouraged their home countries to colonize Africa
Examples of companies and associations in Africa - Africa Association
of Britain (c1788 to find suitable
agricultural land), Imperial British East Africa Company
(IBEAC, c1886 to protect British interests in
East Africa), German East Africa Company (c1884 by Karl
Peters to handle German affairs in
Tanganyika), Royal Niger Company (RNC, c1884 by George
Goldies in West Africa), British South
Africa Company (BSAC, created by Cecil Rhodes in central and
southern Africa)
Prominent European missionaries include Johann Krapf, Dr.
John Moffat, Dr. Livingstone
Europeans believed that the missionaries brought
civilization to Africa
2.4.3 Abolition of the slave trade
Reasons for the
abolition of slavery - Humanitarian considerations, economically
unfeasible, industrial
revolution, political pressure, French and British sugar
competition (French used slaves and had a
competitive advantage in the world sugar market, selling
sugar at a lower price than the British)
Why the slave trade
in East Africa took so long to abolish - The treaties between the Sultan of
Oman
and the British did not succeed in stopping the slave trade
in Zanzibar, the Sultan of Oman depended
on the slave trade for his clove business and to keep power,
African chiefs who provided slaves had
economic reasons to continue, firearms being sold to the
interior made catching slaves much easier,
French and British sugar competition meant that the French
wanted to continue using slave labour on
Mauritius and Reunion
What were the notable effects of the abolition of slave
trade in East Africa - People started to settle
permanently, replaced with legitimate trade, population
increase, and freedom of tribes
The abolition of the slave trade caused the decline of the
trans-Saharan trade and eventually caused the fall of the Sudanic states
2.4.4 British occupation of South
African via the Cape
The British took control of the cape during the period of
mercantilism in Europe
Boer Trek - The movement of Boers away from the Cape,
towards the interior of South Africa, eventually
causing the Mfecane war and the migration of the Ngoni
Tactics used by the British to occupy the Cape (causes of
the Boer Trek) - Land legislation system
which limited the size of an individuals land, abolishing
the slave trade, English replaced Dutch as the
official language, abolished the restructure of internal
trade, the British maintained an army at the Cape
Impact of the Boers Trek - Development of unstable Boer
republics (Transvaal, Natal), Orange Free State) with weak economic strength,
caused conflict between Boers and Africans, Boers took African
resources, Boers lost touch with their Dutch homeland,
British extended their control to the interior to
help Africans who were treated cruelly by the Boers
Form 3
3.1.0 Establishment of colonialism
3.1.1 Scramble for
and partition of Africa
The motivational
forces behind the scramble for Africa - Economic imperialism, an economic
slump
from 1873-1893, growth of nationalism in Europe, the Berlin
Conference, strategic considerations,
control of the Niger Delta/Egypt/Congo Basin/Suez Canal/East
Africa
The areas controlled
by European powers during the scramble for Africa - French controlled West Africa, Belgians controlled Congo, British
controlled Southern Africa/Uganda/Kenya
/Egypt/Sudan/Nigeria/Ghana, Germans controlled Namibia/Tanzania/Cameroon, Italians controlled
Eritrea/Somalia/Libya, Portuguese
controlled Angola/Mozambique/Guinea-Bissau
Some areas in Africa experienced more intensive scramble
than others in the 19thcentury because they
were economically strategic
3.1.2 The Berlin Conference
(1884-1885)
The resolutions of the Berlin Conference of 1884/1885 - King
Leopold’s claim for Congo is legalized,
Congo and Niger rivers were free commercial and navigation
zones, countries who controlled coastal
areas legally could expand to the interior, administration
and infrastructure must be built,
missionaries/traders were given free access to the interior
to ‘civilize’ Africa and end the slave trade, set
boundaries to help resolve conflict among European powers
and to avoid war
The outcome of the Berlin Conference was an agreement on how
to colonize Africa
One-sided treaties made by explorers in Africa helped the
Berlin Conference to identify areas of exploitation
The USA attended the Berlin Conference as an observer
3.1.3 Establishment of colonial rule
What methods did the Germans use in the conquest of
Tanganyika - Diplomacy, unfair treaties,
violence, collaboration with local chiefs
What were the decisions reached in the Anglo-German
Agreement (Helgoland) of 1890 - Tanganyika
came under the sphere of influence of Germany, Britain
gained influence over Zanzibar/Pemba/
Kenya/Uganda, completed the partition of East Africa,
administration was left to their chartered
companies
What were the reasons
for and effects of the Anglo-German Agreement (Helgoland) of 1890 -
Reasons for - Zanzibar was to be recognized, Britain wanted
Uganda to control the source of the Nile
river
Effects of -
partition of East Africa was completed, Dar es Salaam and Mombasa became main
ports
linked by railways, the treaty was the beginning of
colonialism
Treaties between the British and the Sultan of Oman to end
the slave trade in Zanzibar
Moresby Treaty - 1stattempt by the British to end the slave
trade in Zanzibar, 1822
Harmeton Treaty - 2ndattempt by the British to end the slave
trade in Zanzibar, 1845
Frere Treaty - 3rdtreaty by the British to end the slave
trade in Zanzibar, slave market closed 1873
Europeans abandoned going into the interior of Africa to get
slaves because it was risky to them due to
violence and tropical diseases
During the colonial period, provision of social services was
not given a priority to Africans because social
services would take part of the profits away from Europeans
Britain was interested in Uganda because it was situated at
the head of the Nile river
Ethiopia was not colonized
3.1.4 African reactions to colonial
rule
Reasons why some Africans collaborated with colonialists -
They were militarily weak, to avoid
confrontation with rival tribes, to acquire arms from
Europeans, wanted peace, wanted opportunities in
colonial governments, desire for wealth/power, ignorance of
European intentions, they were Christian
Reasons why some Africans resisted colonial rule - Europeans
supported traditional enemies, protect
their own economic interests, defend sovereignty, opposing
brutal colonial policies, to defend traditional culture/religion
Reasons why conflicts between
Africans and Whites were inevitable - Colonial alliances with
traditional
tribal enemies, wanted to remove exploitative structures,
resist land alienation, defend political
sovereignty, preserve their trade monopolies, harsh
treatment and exploitative policies, resisting
European culture and Christianity
The causes of Maji
Maji war of 1905-1907 in Tanganyika - Germans brutal treatment of natives,
tradition
of resisting foreigners, forced cultivation of cotton,
confiscation of land and cattle, introduction of
taxation, forced labour, political dissatisfaction with the
German government
How the Maji Maji war of 1905-1907 in Tanganyika remains a
symbol of the African struggle against
colonial rule - It opposed the following colonial practices:
Forced labour, imposition of heavy taxes and
fines, disruption of traditional rule and practices,
colonial ruthlessness, Africans gained the spirit of
leadership against colonialism, people learned how to defend
their rights, united people of different
tribes, stepping stone towards decolonization
3.2.0 Colonial administrative systems
3.2.1 Direct rule, indirect rule, assimilation and
association
Compare and contrast British (Indirect rule) and French
system (Assimilation) of administration as
practiced in Africa during colonial period. - Similarities:
Racist towards Africans, whites occupied
high offices of administration, instituted legislative
council of chiefs, taxation and forced labour, laws and policies were created
in Europe not Africa. Differences: French saw colonies as part of France,
British saw colonies as distinct entities, French Africans became French
citizens, British ones did not, French rule was highly centralized and run from
Dakar, British tried to respect traditional methods of choosing chiefs
Why the British chose
indirect rule - The system was inexpensive, British lacked enough people to
administer colonies, avoided clashes with natives,
administration structures existed in Nigeria and
Buganda, geographical difficulties in controlling colonial
Africa
The British exercised direct rule in some parts of Zimbabwe
because the natives and traditional chiefs opposed colonial rule
3.2.2 Colonial
military and legal institutions
Colonial Military Institutions - Refers to army and police
forces used to maintain law, order and security in the state
Functions of colonial
military institutions - Suppressing African resistance, maintaining
security,
preserving peace, arresting criminals, defending boundaries,
collecting taxes, supervision public works,
enforce land alienation policies, help in the invasion and
domination of colonial powers in Africa
Colonial Legal Institutions - Institutions dealing with
education, legal aid, courts, prisons, implementing
indirect rule
Functions of colonial
legal institutions - Make laws/acts/ordinances, amend laws/acts/ordinances,
deal
with people’s claims, direct legal procedures, supporting
legal institutions like the courts and prisons
3.3.0 Colonial economy
3.3.1 Establishment
of the colonial economy
How the colonial state upheld the interests of white
settlers in Kenya - Establishment of
army/police/judiciary/prisons to control power, encouraging
settler migration from Europe to Kenya,
confiscating fertile land from indigenous to give to
Europeans, imposition of taxation, transportation
means were built like roads/railways/ports, provided easy
loans to settlers, Africans were banned from
participating in the production of cash crops
What were the
negatives and positives of colonial economies on the Africa continent -
Negatives - Production
was based on white settler plantations with African labour, destruction of
traditional economic practices, ending of the barter system,
introduction of colonial administration,
neglect of food crops
Positives -
Introduction of money economy, building of infrastructure, technology is
brought in, new
products become available
Settlers were favoured by colonial governments because -
Fertile land was given to white settlers and
Africans were given infertile land, taxation of Africans,
demanding cheap African labour on settlers
farms/mines, government grants/loans given to settlers,
monopoly of cash crops
Effects of a colonial
economy on East Africa - Uneven distribution of social and physical
infrastructure,
establishment of a heavy mining industry in Tanganyika,
introduction of new crops like
sisal/cotton/pyrethrum, utilization of cheap African labour
In Sierra Leone colonization was accompanied by mass
European settlement
The British built the Uganda railway in order to gain easy
access to resources surrounding the interlucastrine area
3.3.2 Sectors of the
colonial economy
The following sectors of the colonial economy favoured
Europeans and Asians in Africa - Agriculture,
mining, financial institutions, transport and commerce
Characteristics of
settler and plantation agriculture in colonial Africa - Products were meant
for export
and profit, needed large number of labourers and lots of
land, needed infrastructure like railroads,
based on cash crop production rather than on solving
economic problems of the indigenous, land
alienation, direct supervision by colonial officials to
ensure efficient production of materials
Why did the colonial
powers oppose the development of manufacturing industries in the colonies -
Colonists had no interest, wanted raw materials from Africa,
manufacturing was done in Europe, wanted
Africans to remain as cheap labour, wanted Africa to be a
market of European goods
Goals of transport
construction - Transporting raw materials from the interior to the coast,
transporting
missionaries to the interior, facilitating communication
with mining areas/farms, transport migrant
labourers, transporting soldiers, transporting colonial
administrators, strategic reasons (Uganda line was
built by the British to be used against the Belgians in the
Congo to protect the head of the Nile river), to
open up Africa for European exploitation, to learn about the
geography of the interior
Characteristics of
colonial infrastructure - Railways and road networks started from the coast
and moved
into the interior, no connection between colonies from
different powers, they did not build roads to serve Africans in the rainy
seasons, very few communication networks were built, constructed mainly through
forced labour and financed by taxes collected from Africans
3.3.3 Colonial labour
Methods used to obtain labour - Land alienation, use of
force, use of communal labour, use of feudal
relations, conscription, use of contract labour, western
education was introduced to train administrators, creation of labour reserves,
taxation, low wages, introduction of manufactured goods
Conditions of labourers in colonies - Labourers were paid
low wages, discrimination against Africans, no
insurance for Africans, Africans could not travel without a
pass in their own country, forced labour,
Africans were oppressed/exploited/humiliated, labourers were
refused social services
3.4.0 Colonial social services
3.4.1 Colonial
education
Critically examine the problems of colonial education to
Africa societies - Based on race/gender/religion, syllabus determined by
colonialists, very few Africans received education,
examinations were used as the means to limit student
success, some regions were not given education,
education of Africans was inferior to whites, created
educated and uneducated classes
3.4.2 Colonial health
services
Objectives of colonial health services - Maintaining and
protecting the health of colonialists, tried to
eradicate malaria and other diseases, training nurses and
doctors, improving health and hygiene of
Africans
Characteristics of
colonial health services - Offered on the basis of race, few African
doctors, services
were offered in towns and missionary centers, medicine was
curative and not preventative, Europeans
did not use traditional African medicine, little funding
from the colonial government
Impact of colonial health services - Reinforced racial
classes in colonies, areas without raw materials
were not provided health services, created regional
imbalances between towns/missionary/plantation
areas and the rest of the colony, people relied on curative
treatments instead of preventative care,
Africans abandoned traditional medicine
3.4.3 Provision of
water and housing services during the colonial era
Objectives of provision of water and housing services -
Aimed at serving settlers/soldiers/labourers,
served members of the colonial bureaucracy/administration,
improved health and hygiene for Africans in towns
Characteristics of
water and housing services - Offered on the basis of race, unevenly
distributed
(depended on the economic value of an area), areas for
labourers had no housing of water services
which were established by colonialists, based on religious
grounds (missionary areas had better water)
Impact of water and housing services - Reinforced racial
classes in colonies, areas without raw materials
or colonialists were marginalized and denied services,
created regional imbalances
Form 4
4.1.0 Crises in the capitalist system
4.1.1 The First World
War
Causes of the First World War - Assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, Moroccan
Crisis between France and Britain, dissatisfaction with
British dominance of colonies, triple alliance of
Russia/Britain/France and triple entity of
Italy/Germany/Austria-Hungary, Belgian anger about the Boers
in South Africa, failure of powers to agree on control of
colonial land
4.1.2 The Great
Depression
Great Depression (1929-1939) - A period of profound
worldwide economic crisis which ended with the
beginning of World War II.
It began with the crash of the American stock market in 1929
4.1.3 The Second
World War11
Why did decolonization/nationalism gain momentum after the
Second World War - Weakened
economic and military strength of Britain, France and
Germany, European powers were dependent
upon the USA for economic rebuilding (Marshall Plan),
African soldiers began to demand freedom/selfdetermination/democracy,
Pan-Africanism began to take hold, USA supported decolonization, British Labour
party opposed colonialism (took power in 1945), success of other countries like
India/Pakistan/Burma in achieving independence
4.2.0 Nationalism and decolonization
4.2.1 Nationalism in
Africa
Reasons why the dream of a united Africa has not been
realized - Lack of unity among countries,
political instability, selfishness among leaders, colonial
legacy, intertribal hatred, different levels of
economic development, environmental problems, small
countries fear big countries will dominate,
competition among leaders (i.e. Nyerere and Nkrumah)
The presence of Makerere University formed a part of regional
intellectual elite in East Africa
4.2.2 The rise of
social and welfare associations
Roles of welfare associations, religious movements and
cooperative societies in the struggles for
independence in East Africa - Promoted unity among various
ethnic groups, acted as training schools
for East African leaders, raised awareness and consciousness
among the colonized, laid foundations
for political parties, provided social services that
Europeans did not provide
4.2.3 The rise of
protest and religious movements
Early (Proto) Nationalism (1900-1940) - The first phase of
the development of protest movements in Africa
Characteristics of
early nationalism - Arose as a result of colonial exploitation and
oppression, influenced by the Pan-African Conference, generally lacked unity
among protest groups
Role played by welfare, peasant associations and tribal
organizations in gaining independence -
Brought unity among tribes, awareness was raised, gave a
forum for discussion, gave moral and
material support, was a stepping stone towards successful
nationalism
Modern (Proper)
Nationalism (1945-1990) - The last phase of the development of protest
movements in Africa which resulted in majority independence for African states
4.2.4 The rise of
mass nationalism and political parties in Africa
Factors affecting the
rise of nationalism in Africa -
Internal - Grievances
with colonial rule (exploitation, oppression, poor services, lack of power,
land
alienation, taxation, cattle confiscation)
External -
Europeans were looking to reform colonial rule in Africa (contribution by the
USA/USSR after
WWII), former soldiers, independence of Pakistan and India
(1947)
Role played by the
nationalist parties in the struggle for independence in Africa - Created
unity among
people, preparing people for self-government, helped
peasants get better prices for their crops,
demanding representation in legislation, opposed governments
land alienation policies
List of nationalist parties - Convention Peoples Party
(CPP), Tanganyika African National Union (TANU),
KANU, FRELIMO, ANC
Reasons for the
outbreak of the Chimurenga war in Southern Rhodesia by the Shona and Ndebele
-
Land alienation, forced labour, harsh treatment, taxation
policies, interference with Shona trade with the Portuguese, desire for
freedom, destruction of culture, cattle confiscation
Problems which faced Uganda during nationalistic struggles -
Tribalism, religious tensions, regionalism,
uneven distribution of education, class division, many
opposition parties
4.2.5 Decolonization
through constitutional means
Nonviolent Decolonization - Decolonization through the uses
of negotiation (talking, parliamentary means,
demonstrations, petitions, boycotts) against colonial rule
which were usually done by the elite political
leaders (ex JK Nyerere, Kwame Nkrumah, Leopard Senghor,
Kenneth Kaunda, etc)
Tanganyika achieved Independence earlier than Kenya and
Uganda because it was a trusteeship
4.2.6 Decolonization
through armed struggle
Factors that
prolonged the struggle to eliminate apartheid/gain independence/get majority
rule in
South Africa -
Prohibition of nationalist movements, lack of financial resources to support
nationalist
movements, white settlers controlled the economy, foreign
support of Apartheid to suppress the spread
of communism, large number of white settlers in the country,
use of force and violence to suppress antiapartheid movements i.e. Soweto
Massacre and Sharpeville Massacre, weak support from
neighbouring countries, multinational companies invested in
mines/plantations/industry, ethnic and tribal divisions, possession of Namibia
by the South Africa regime provided a safe place to wage war from, lack of
serious support from the UN/USA due to fears of communism spreading, lack of
political
awareness among South Africans
4.2.7 Decolonization
through revolution
Revolution - An armed struggle by a large group within the
society against the colonial government
Case Study of Revolution - Zanzibar
Zanzibar Revolution - A 19thcentury battle that lasted about
45 minutes but demonstrated the iron fist of the pre-colonial European colonial
powers in East Africa
Leader of the Zanzibar Revolution - John Okello (from
Uganda)
Causes of the
Zanzibar Revolution - Exploitation of the population to grow cloves, economic
difficulties faced by Zanzibaris, grievances between
different Arab groups in Zanzibar, land allocation
Zanzibar Independence - Zanzibar received its independence
from the British on December 10th, 1963
4.3.0 Changes in political, social
and economic policies in Africa after independence
4.3.1 Changes in
political, ideological and administrative systems
Political changes in African states since the 1980s resulted
from internal and external forces -
Internal: National unity and integrity, constitutional
changes, colonial legacy External: End of cold war,role of USA and USSR,
non-alignment movement
4.3.2 Changes in
economic development policies and strategies
Reasons Tanzania created and kept a policy of self-reliance
and socialism (1967) - Kagera War
1978/1979, oil crisis of 1973/1974, misuses of public funds,
droughtNeo-colonialism operates politically through the IMF and World Bank in
the form of grants and loans
4.3.3 Provision of
education in Africa after independence
Changes in provision of education after independence -
Expansion in the numbers of higher education
institutions, new curriculums and syllabuses, training of
new teachers, Africanization of educational
system and topics, less control by missionaries of the
education system (secularization)
Weaknesses of the educational system after independence -
Quality of education was reduced (due to
shortage of experienced teachers), corruption in the
education system, poorly written examinations (or
widespread cheating), neglecting vocational education,
literacy levels remain low, lack of employment
after finishing education
4.3.4 Changes in the
provision of health services
Changes in the provision of health services - Doctors/nurses
were trained, hospitals and dispensaries
were built, vaccination programs began (small box, sleeping
sickness, leprosy)
Problems in the provision of health services - Not enough
doctors/nurses, lack of hospitals/dispensaries,
lack of proper training of medical personnel, lack of family
planning services, low protein intake leads to
malnutrition and resistance to disease, services are
unevenly distributed (found in towns and not in rural
areas), qualified doctors move to other countries, lack of
clean water, lack of focus on health care by the
government
4.3.5 Changes in the
provision of water services
(Not found in exams)
4.3.6 Changes in the
provision of housing
Problems in provision of housing - Lack of funds, lack of
employment, lack of running water, not a high
priority for the government, severe shortage of low rent
houses
4.3.7 Establishment
of national military and national legal institutions
(Not found in exams)
4.3.8 Problems
hindering development in Africa after independence
Problems faced by Nigeria since its independence -
Tribalism, military coups, poverty, HIV/malaria,
unemployment, corruption, regionalism, oil
4.4.0 Africa in international affairs
4.4.1 Continental
cooperation
Role of the OAU in the decolonization of Africa -
Coordinated opposition to colonial rule, assisted leaders who were the targets
of assassinations, allowed countries under colonial rule to air grievances and
to condemn them openly
4.4.2 African
regional cooperation
Explain the objectives of the newly reestablished East
African community - Economic integration
between East African countries, unity among East African
countries, free movement of goods and
people
4.4.3 Africa in
International affairs
Why the USA changed its isolation policy towards colonialism
- Wanted private enterprise from
America to enter colonies without political interference
from Europeans, rise of the USA as a global
power
Benefits gained by members of the Commonwealth - Economic
relations, diversified economies,
inclusion in global economy, better trade arrangements,
peace/stability, commitments to human rights
Notable failures of the UN is its inability to control the
actions of big powers, prevent genocide, nuclear
proliferation
5.1.0 Definitions
Anthropologist - Studies the history of human culture and
development
Archaeologist - Studies remains to learn about events from
the past
Assegai - Ngoni short stabbing spears first adopted by East
African Societies
Assimilation - A policy aimed at promoting the French
language, culture and work ethic in French colonies to weaken African
resistance and strengthen their rule in the colonies
COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa) -
Free trade agreement between 19
countries in Africa, formed in 1994
Devonshire White Paper - Declared officially in 1923 that in
Kenya, the concerns of Africans were
"paramount", even when they conflicted with the
needs of whites
Dynasty - Family of rulers in which the right to rule passes
within the family from father to children
Feudalism - A system in which kings and noblemen hold
territory that is granted to peasants or serfs, in
Africa during the interlucastrine period it was private
ownership of land and cattle
FRELIMO - Group that fought for independence of Mozambique
from Portugal from 1964-1975
HABITAT - United Nations agency responsible for human
settlement
History - Human activities against nature and production
relations are fully understood through this subject
IBEACO - British East Africa Company, founded in 1886 by
William Macknon
Indirect Rule - Used by the British in West Africa and
Uganda by using traditional African institutions to
manage the affairs of colonized peoples such as local chiefs
International African Association - Launched by King Leopold
to spearhead the colonization of the
Congo in 1876
Kayamaghan - The title given to the King of Ghana meaning
“Master of Gold”
Koumbi Saleh - Found in modern day Mauritania, was the
former capital of the Ghana Empire destroyedin 1076 by Berber raiders
Liberia and Sierra Leone - Settlements of freed slaves
Lukiko - The Kabaka’s council and court of appeal in the
Buganda Kingdom of Uganda
Matrilineal - A system where people trace their ancestors
and inherit property through mothers
Microlith - Smaller, refined stone tools made by man during
the Middle Stone Age
Monarchy - A political system by which a king or queen
occupies a throne
Monetization - Changing from a barter economy to one based
on the use of money
Moresby Treaty - Made it illegal to sell slaves from East
Africa to Christian countries
Myths - Traditional stories about the past
Nationalist Parties - Parties formed by Africans during
colonialism with the aim of fighting colonialism in
order to gain political independence
Native Authority Ordinance of 1921 - Segregation act in
South Africa which preceded Apartheid
Neolithic Revolution - Entailed domestication of plants and
animals, occurred in the Late Stone Age
NEPAD - A political and economic programme which aims at
promoting democracy, stability, good
governance and economic development in Africa
Non-Alignment Movement - Main aim was to balance the
influence of the two superpowers14
Oral Tradition - Historical information is passed on by word
of mouth from generation to generation
Preservation - A policy used by the British in the
establishment of the colonial economy which aimed to
retain some pre-colonial African structure/elements
Resistance - A phenomenon of hostility whereby societies
react against imposition of colonial rule
SADC (Southern African Development Community) - Goal is to
further economic and social cooperation
and integration among southern African countries
Slave Trade - Transaction of buying and selling humans as
commodities
Soweto Massacre - The event which marked the end of peaceful
protests by African nationalists in South
Africa in 1976
The Commonwealth - A worldwide association of countries that
were once colonies of Britain who share
common commitments to promoting human rights, democracy and
economic development
The Dutch East India Company - The first trading company
which set a regular supply station at the cape.
Transatlantic Slave Trade (Triangular Slave Trade) - Trade
between Americas, Europe and Africa
exchanging goods, raw materials and slaves
Treaty of Ucciali - Treaty in 1889 by King Melenik of
Ethiopia ceding land to Italy which is now Eritrea
Treaty of Versailles - Treaty signed in Paris France in 1919
between Allied powers and Germany ending World War I
Ubugabire - An exploitative relation between the cattle
owning Tutsi and Hutu agriculturalists in Rwanda
Ujamaa Villages - Tanzanian attempt to increase food
production and cash crops
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization) - Responsible for literacy,
historical sites, and culture
UNHCR (United Nations High Commission for Refugees) - United
Nations agency responsible for
refugees
Voortekker - The Boer’s exodus from the cape
Zijanthropus - Had massive teeth which were used for
grinding food, early ancestor of man from the Early Stone Age
5.2.0 People
Abeid Aman Karume - Architect of the union between Zanzibar
and Tanganyika
Alafin - Title given to the King of the Oyo Empire in West
Africa
Anwar Sadat - Former President of Egypt, assassinated in
1981
Berber - Merchants provided capital and arranged caravans
across the Sahara Desert
Cecil Rhodes - Founder of Rhodesia and the DeBeers diamond
company, believed strongly in imperialism
and colonialism.
Wanted the British Empire to go from Cairo to Cape Town
Dr John Robert Moffat - Worked as a missionary in Rabai
among the Ndebele, facilitated treaty between
IBEACO and King Lobengula in South Africa
Dr. David Livingstone - Opened up Africa to the British
through his first and second journeys to Africa,
missionary
Dr. Louis Leakey - Discovered the skull of Dryopithecus on
Rusinga Island in 1959
Eduardo Mondlane - First President of Mozambique under
FRELIMO, was assassinated in 1969
Francisco D’Almeida - Lead the Portuguese conquest of East
Africa coast in 1505
Ghana Empire - Destroyed by Berber raiders, lasted from
790-1076
Hehe Chiefdom - An example of militarized centralized state
in South-Central Tanzania
Henry Morton Stanley - Found Dr. David Livingstone at Ujiji
to assure the British Empire that Livingstone
was still collecting data for the imperialists
Henry the Navigator - Portuguese prince who was responsible
for the beginning of European worldwide
exploration
Kabaka - The title given to the king of Buganda
Karl Peters - Head of the German East Africa Company which
was formed in 1884 to control German
affairs in Tanganyika
King Solomoni - Started the Ethiopian Empire in the
4thcentury
Kingdom of Luba - Pre-colonial African kingdom in south-eastern
Congo from 1585-1889
Kingdom of Lunda - Pre-colonial African kingdom in
south-western Congo from 1665-1887
Kinjekitile Ngwale - Kolelo priest at Ngarambe who told
people that his magic water would protect them
from European bullets, mobilized followers against Germans
before the Maji Maji war
Kwame Nkrumah - First President of Ghana, early leader of
Pan-Africanism
Mkwawa - Hehe tribal leader who opposed German rule in
Tanzania
Mutapa - Kingdom which lasted from 1430-1760 in modern day
Zimbabwe and Mozambique, builders of
Great Zimbabwe
Mzilikazi - Founded Matabele Kingdom, died in 186815
Nok culture - Appeared around 1000BC and vanished around
200AD in central Nigeria, had advanced social system/arts
Ogun - The Yoruba/Nigerian god of iron
Othman Dan Fodio, Alhaj Omar, Ahmed Seku - Formed big
Empires like Mandika and Sokoto Caliphate
during the Jihad war in East Africa
Otto von Bismarck - Chaired the Berlin conference of
1884/1885
Patrice Lumumba - Former president of Congo-Kinshasa who was
the first president assassinated in postcolonial Africa in 1961
Pierre De Brazza - French explorer who opened up Central
Africa for French colonization north of the
Congo River in Republic of Congo and Gabon
Pombeiros - Early traders in Angola and Congo who obtained
slaves
Samora Machel - Former President of Mozambique, assassinated
in 1986
Samori Toure - Creator of an Islamic state called the
Wassoulou Empire in West Africa, resisted French for a long period of time
Shaka Zulu - United Nguni people to form the Zulu kingdom.
Born in 1787. Died in 1828.
Sir Charles Elliot - First British governor of Kenya,
stressed the establishment of a settler economy
Sir D. Cameron - British governor of Tanganyika who was
resisted by Tanganyikans
Sultan Seyyid Said - Moved his capital from Muscat to
Zanzibar in 1840, died in 1856
Sylvanus Olympio - Former President of Togo, assassinated in
1963
The Khoikhoi - The earliest inhabitants of the cape
Vasco De Gama - Rounded the cape of Good Hope and entered
the Indian Ocean in 1497
5.3.0 Dates
1487 - Bartholomew Diaz passes the Cape of Good Hope in
South Africa
1497 - Vasco Da Gama reaches India, sent by Henry the
Navigator of Portugal
1498 - Christopher Columbus discovers the sea route to
America
1503 - Zanzibar attacked by the Portuguese
1505 - Portuguese explorer Francisco D’Almeida subdued
Kilwa, Sofala and Mombasa
1507 - Mozambique becomes the headquarters of the Portuguese
in East Africa
1580 - Sir Francis Drake became the first British man to
round the cape
1593 - Fort Jesus is built by the Portuguese in Mombasa
1652 - Jan van Riebeeck establishes a Dutch post at the Cape
of Good Hope
1698 - Capture of Fort Jesus by Arabs, Portuguese lose the
fort
1698 - Zanzibar comes under control of the Sultan of Oman,
Portuguese are defeated
1700 - The end of Portuguese dominance in East Africa
1776 - American Independence
1789 - French Revolution
1800 - Coming of the Ngoni to East Africa
1807 - The British passed a law which abolished the slave
trade by its subjects
1822 - A settlement for several thousands freed slaves was
founded at Monrovia, Liberia
1822 - Moresby Treaty discussed
1840 - Sultan of Oman moves his capital from Muscat to
Zanzibar
1846 - Johann Krapf opened the first mission station at
Rabai in Mombasa
1859 - Darwin proposes the theory of evolution through
natural selection
1870/1871 - Franco-Prussian war
1871 - Henry Stanley finds Dr. Livingstone near Lake
Tanganyika
1873 - Slave market closed in Zanzibar
1875 - Discovery of gold in South Africa
1876 - International African Association is created by King
Leopold to develop the Congo Free State
1879 - End of slave trade in East Africa, replaced with
normal trade
1884/1885 - Berlin Conference, aimed to prevent war between
Europeans over African colonies
1885 - Start of German East Africa
1890 - Beginning of British rule in Zanzibar
1890 - Helgoland treaty between British and Germans for
control of Zanzibar by the British
1893 - Death of Isike
1896/1897 - Chimurenga War in Southern Rhodesia by Shona and
Ndebele tribes
1900 - Buganda Agreement
1900 - The War of the Golden Stool (Ashanti Uprising) in
Ghana by the Ashanti tribe against British rule
1907 - Uganda Railway reached Lake Victoria
1917 - Russian Revolution
1919 - End of German colonial rule of East Africa due to their
loss in WWI16
1919 - Formation of the League of Nations due to the end of
WWI
1919 - Formation of the Nazi party in Germany
1920 - Bataka Movement and the Young Buganda Association
started in Uganda
1921 - Founding of African National Congress (ANC)
1921 - Young Kikuyu Organization was formed
1922 - Formation of Tanganyika Territory Civil Servant
Association (TTCSA)
1922 - Tanganyika African Civil Service Association (TTACSA)
was founded by Martin Kayamba in Tanga
1923 - Devonshire white paper released
1929 - Great Depression begins with the stock market crash
1929 - Tanganyika Africa Association (TAA) is formed
1939 - Italians were defeated by Ethiopia under Emperor
Menelik II
1945 - Dr. Kwame Nkurumah at the Manchester Conference first
proposes an African union
1945 - End of World War 2
1945 - World Bank opens
1946 - Burns Constitution (Gold Coast Constitution) is
written in Ghana, Africans allowed into legislature
1947 - Independence of India and Pakistan
1947 - Marshall Plan started which was introduced to rebuild
the European economy after WWII
1947 - Sukuma Development Scheme commences
1948 - Apartheid policy was officially announced in South
Africa
1948 - The national party in South Africa won and gave the
Afrikaners complete political power
1952 - Jomo Kenyatta is arrested, becomes 1stPrime
Minister/President of Kenya in 1963/1964
1954 - Birth of Tanganyika African National Union (TANU)
1954 - Mkwawa’s head was returned from Germany
1957 - Independence of Ghana under Dr. Kwame Nkrumah
1959 - Dr. Louis Leakey discovered the skull of Dryopithecus
on Rusinga Island
1960 - The Sharpeville massacre in South Africa
1962 - Uganda got partial independence, flag independence,
not yet real independence
1963 - End of British colonial rule in Zanzibar, left the
Sultan of Oman as the Head of State
1963 - Formation of OAU in Addis Ababa
1964 - Armed struggle started in Mozambique by FRELIMO
1964 - Jan 12, revolution of Zanzibar began
1965 - Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in
Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) under Ian Smith
1967 - Policies of socialism and self-reliance are
introduced to Tanzania
1969 - Suez Canal was opened
1973/1974 - Oil crisis
1974/1975 - Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique and Angola gain
independence from Portugal
1975 - Angolan civil war begins
1976 - Soweto Massacre in South Africa
1980s - Introduction of SAP (Structural Adjustment
Programmes) in Tanzania
1982 - Tanzania adopts National Economic Survival Program
1989 - Collapse of the Soviet Union and Soviet Bloc
1990 - Nelson Mandela released from Robben Island
1992 - Introduction of multi party system in Tanzania
1994 - Genocide in Rwanda
1994 - Nelson Mandela becomes President of South Africa
1994 - The first election in South Africa and South Africa
becomes an independent state
1995 - Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group (CMAG) was
formed
2001 - The OAU changed to the African Union
Time Periods
15thcentury - Slave trade was first introduced in West
Africa
1834-1854 - Boer Trek
1885-1919 - Period of German colonial rule in East Africa
1895-1905 - Nandi Rebellion
1891-1898 - Hehe resistance
1905-1907 - Maji Maji Rebellion
1914-1918 - World War 1
1929-1940 - Great Depression (Great Economic Crisis)
1939-1945 - World War 2
1952-1960 - Mau Mau war begins
19thcentury - Slave trade spreads to East Africa
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